<style>
code {
font-size: 0.6em !important;
}
table {
font-size: 20pt;
}
.small_table table {
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pre.mermaid {
box-shadow: none;
}
</style>
------
# <span style="color:#3070b3">Semantic Data für Datenkataloge </span>
### Eine Einführung
##### 15.12.2022 @Sebastian Tilsch
------
---
## Inhalt
Was ist Linked Semantic Data?
Vorstellung einiger Hilfsmittel.
Beispiele
Diskussion
---
## Homage an Tim Berners-Lee
----
https://5stardata.info/de/
<!-- .slide: data-background="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bastiion/it-forum-2022-semantic-data/main/assets/5-star-website.png" data-background-size="contain" -->
---
## Interesse am Semantic Web
----
## Interesse an Linked Open Data
---
©https://www.flickr.com/photos/reverendsam/
----
© John F. Sowa - Semantics for Interoperable Systems.
----
![SW_Layer_Cake][nowak_layer_cake]
[nowak_layer_cake]: https://smiy.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/sw_layercake.png "©Benjamin Nowack - Semantic Web Layer Cake"
©Benjamin Nowack - Semantic Web Layer Cake
---
<style>
.reveal table.rdf_cake {
border: 0px solid #FFFFFF;
border-collapse: collapse;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0px;
table-layout: fixed;
height:100%;
font-size: 14pt;
}
.reveal table.rdf_cake span.sub {
font-size: 8pt;
}
table .theIcon {
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
}
.reveal table.rdf_cake td{
padding: 4px;
border: 8px solid #FFFFFF;
text-align: center;
}
.reveal table.rdf_cake tr{
text-align: center;
}
.reveal table td > div {
box-shadow: rgba(1,1,1,0.5) 3px 3px 3px;
height: 100%;
position: relative;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
}
.all .trust > div, .current.trust > div {
background-color: #FEB2FE; }
.all .proof, .current.proof {
background-chcolor: #2DFFFF; }
.all .transmission > div, .current.transmission > div {
background-color: #FFD1FE; }
.all .vocab > div, .current.vocab > div {
background-color: #FDBE2D; }
.all .logic > div, .current.logic > div {
background-color: #A4FEA4; }
.all .rules > div, .current.rules > div {
background-color: #FFFE38; }
.all .query > div, .current.query > div {
background-color: #AEB9E3; }
.all .proof > div, .current.proof > div {
background-color: #AEB9E3; }
.all .serialization > div, .current.serialization > div {
background-color: #AEB9E3; }
.all .spi > div, .current.spi > div {
background-color: #FC7322; }
.all .abstract > div, .current.abstract > div {
background-color: #FEB0A4; }
</style>
<table class='rdf_cake all'>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' ><div>
Apps & Services & APIs
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='4' class='trust'><div>Trust</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='proof'><div>
Proof
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan='5' colspan='1' class='transmission' >
<div>
Transmission <br/>Security, Crypto
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='logic' ><div>
Logik
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='rules' ><div>
Regeln
</div></td>
<td rowspan='2' colspan='2' class='vocab'><div>Vokabularien<br/>Ontologien</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='query' ><div>
Abfrage
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='5' class='abstract' ><div>
Grundlagen<br/><span class='sub'>Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='7' class='spi'><div>
Resource Identifiers</br><span class='sub '>URIs, IRIs, Namenräume</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='serialization'>
<div>
Serialisierungen<br/><span class='sub'>NQuads, NTriples, Turtle, RDF-XML, OWL-XML, Manchester</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='semantic_web'>
<div>
Semantic web of linked data
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
----
## Resource Identifier - IRIs
```rdf
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix xs: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix : <http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#> .
@prefix event: <https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/cultural-event/> .
@prefix time: <http://www.w3.org/2006/time#> .
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
```
`xs:string` - `http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string`
`:performance` - `http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#performance`
`rdf:type` - `http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type`
----
### Grundlagen
* benannte Knoten (Namend Nodes) - referenzierbar über IRI
* unbenannte Knoten (Blank Nodes) - nur im Kontext referenzierbar
* Literale
* Plain Literal (optional Language Tag)
* Datatype Literal
----
### Triple
| Subjekt | Prädikat | Objekt | | | | | | | |
|----------------------------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Documenta | ist eine | Kunstausstellung | | | | | | | |
| https://d-nb.info/gnd/1015707-4 | rdf:type | [https://d-nb.info/standards/ elementset/gnd #SeriesOfConferenceOrEvent](https://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#SeriesOfConferenceOrEvent) | | | | | | | |
| :Documenta | rdf:type | :Exhibition | | | | | | | |
| :Exhibition | rdf:type | rdf:Class | | | | | | | |
| :Documenta | rdfs:label | "Documenta"@de | | | | | | | |
| :Documenta | rdfs:label | "Документа"@ru
----
http://intro2libsys.info/atla-2016/linked-data-intro
----
### Quad
Triple mit Graph-IRI
| Subjekt | Prädikat | Objekt | Graph |
|------------|------------|----------------|----------|
| :Documenta | rdf:type | :Exhibition | DEFAULT |
| :Documenta | rdfs:label | "Documenta"@de | :german |
| :Documenta | rdfs:label | "Документа"@ru | :russian |
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="fade" data-transition-speed="slow" -->
```mermaid
flowchart BT
Exhibition-- subClass -->Event
Documenta-- type -->Series
4thDocumenta-- type -->Exhibition
4thDocumenta-- partOf -->Documenta
4thDocumenta-- startDate -->date(1968-06-27)
4thDocumenta-- curator -->ArnoldBode[Arnold Bode]
ArnoldBode-- type --> Person
```
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="fade" data-transition-speed="slow" -->
```mermaid
flowchart BT
4thDocumenta--ostartDate1{startDate} -->date(1968-06-27^^xs:date)
4thDocumenta--ocurator1{curator} -->ArnoldBode[Arnold Bode]
startDate1--range-->xs:date
startDate1--domain-->Event
4thDocumenta--otype1{type}-->Event
curator1--range-->Person
curator1--domain-->Event
```
---
<table class='rdf_cake'>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' ><div>
Apps & Services & APIs
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='4' class='trust'><div>Trust</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='proof'><div>
Proof
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan='5' colspan='1' class='transmission' >
<div>
Transmission <br/>Security, Crypto
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='logic' ><div>
Logik
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='rules' ><div>
Regeln
</div></td>
<td rowspan='2' colspan='2' class='vocab'><div>Vokabularien<br/>Ontologien</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='query' ><div>
Abfrage
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='5' class='abstract' ><div>
Grundlagen<br/><span class='sub'>Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='7' class='spi'><div>
Resource Identifiers</br><span class='sub '>URIs, IRIs, Namenräume</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='serialization current'>
<div>
Serialisierungen<br/><span class='sub'>NQuads, NTriples, Turtle, RDF-XML, OWL-XML, Manchester</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='semantic_web'>
<div>
Semantic web of linked data
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
----
<div class='small_table'>
| Format | Description | Mime-type |
| :--- | :--- | :---: |
| [Turtle](https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/) | Terse RDF Triple Language. | `text/turtle`, `application/x-turtle` |
| [TriG](https://www.w3.org/TR/trig/) | Plain text format for serializing named graphs and RDF Datasets. | `application/trig`, `application/x-trig` |
| [JSON-LD](https://json-ld.org/) | JSON-based Serialization for Linked Data. | `application/ld+json` |
| [RDF/JSON](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-json/) | RDF 1.1 JSON Alternate Serialization. | `application/rdf+json` |
| [N-Triples](https://www.w3.org/TR/n-triples/) | Line-based syntax for RDF datasets. | `application/n-triples` |
| [N-Quads](https://www.w3.org/TR/n-quads/) | Line-based syntax for RDF datasets. | `application/n-quads`, `text/x-nquads`, `text/nquads` |
| [Notation3](https://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/n3/) | Notation3 (N3): A readable RDF syntax. | `text/n3`, `text/rdf+n3` |
| [RDF/XML](https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/) | RDF/XML Syntax Specification. | `application/rdf+xml`, `application/xml` |
| [TriX](http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2004/HPL-2004-56.html) | RDF Triples in XML. | `application/trix` |
| [HDT](https://www.w3.org/Submission/2011/03/) | Binary RDF Representation for Publication and Exchange. | `application/x-binary-rdf` |
| [aREF](https://gbv.github.io/aREF/aREF.html) | Another RDF Encoding Form. | |
| [RDF/POST](https://atomgraph.github.io/RDF-POST/) | RDF/POST Encoding for RDF. | `application/rdf+x-www-form-urlencoded` |
| [YARRML](http://rml.io/yarrrml/spec/) | YARRRML is a human readable text-based representation for declarative generation rules. It is a subset of [YAML], a widely used data serialization language designed to be | | human-friendly. | |
| [hextuples](https://github.com/ontola/hextuples) | NDJSON serialization | |
</div>
----
## Turtle
```turtle
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix xs: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix : <http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#> .
:Exhibition a rdfs:Class ;
rdfs:label "Exhibition"@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf :Event .
:4thDocumenta a :Exhibition ;
:partOf :Documenta ;
:startDate "1968-06-27"^^xs:date ;
:curator :ArnoldBode .
:ArnoldBode a foaf:Person ;
rdfs:label "Arnold Bode" .
```
----
## JSON-LD
```json
{
"@context": {
"sev": "http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#",
"rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
"rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
"xs": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
},
"@graph": [
{
"@id": "sev:Exhibition",
"@type": "rdfs:Class",
"rdfs:label": {
"@value": "Exhibition",
"@language": "en"
},
"rdfs:subClassOf": {
"@id": "sev:Event"
}
},
{
"@id": "sev:4thDocumenta",
"@type": "sev:Exhibition",
"sev:partOf": {
"@id": "sev:Documenta"
},
"sev:startDate": {
"@value": "1968-06-27",
"@type": "xs:date"
},
"sev:curator": {
"@id": "sev:ArnoldBode"
}
},
{
"@id": "sev:ArnoldBode",
"@type": "foaf:Person",
"rdfs:label": "Arnold Bode"
}
]
}
```
----
## RDF XML
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns="http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#"
xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#Exhibition">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Exhibition</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#Event"/>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#4thDocumenta">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#Exhibition"/>
<partOf rdf:resource="http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#Documenta"/>
<startDate rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">1968-06-27</startDate>
<curator>
<foaf:Person rdf:about="http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#ArnoldBode">
<rdfs:label>Arnold Bode</rdfs:label>
</foaf:Person>
</curator>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
```
---
<table class='rdf_cake'>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' ><div>
Apps & Services & APIs
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='4' class='trust'><div>Trust</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='proof'><div>
Proof
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan='5' colspan='1' class='transmission' >
<div>
Transmission <br/>Security, Crypto
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='logic' ><div>
Logik
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='rules' ><div>
Regeln
</div></td>
<td rowspan='2' colspan='2' class='vocab'><div>Vokabularien<br/>Ontologien</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='query' ><div>
Abfrage
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='5' class='current abstract' ><div>
Grundlagen<br/><span class='sub'>Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='7' class='spi'><div>
Resource Identifiers</br><span class='sub '>URIs, IRIs, Namenräume</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='serialization'>
<div>
Serialisierungen<br/><span class='sub'>NQuads, NTriples, Turtle, RDF-XML, OWL-XML, Manchester</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='semantic_web'>
<div>
Semantic web of linked data
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
----
## Reification, Qualifier,...
Aussagen über Aussagen treffen
Statements about Triple
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="fade" data-transition-speed="slow" -->
```mermaid
flowchart BT
4thDocumenta--ostartDate1{startDate} -->date(1968-06-27^^xs:date)
4thDocumenta--ocurator1{curator} -->ArnoldBode[Arnold Bode]
startDate1--range-->xs:date
startDate1--domain-->Event
4thDocumenta--otype1{type}-->Event
curator1--range-->Person
curator1--domain-->Event
```
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="fade" data-transition-speed="slow" -->
```mermaid
flowchart BT
4thDocumenta--ocurator1
4thDocumenta--ostartDate1
4thDocumenta--ostartDate2
subgraph two[ ]
curator1{curator} -->ArnoldBode[Arnold Bode]
end
subgraph one[ ]
startDate1{startDate} -->date(1968-06-27^^xs:date)
end
subgraph three[ ]
startDate2{startDate} -->date2(1968-07-16^^xs:date)
end
two--source-->catalog1[documenta catalog 1968]
one--source-->catalog1[documenta catalog 1968]
three--source-->newspapaer[FAZ]
```
----
```turtle
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix xs: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix : <http://ontology.slub-dresden.de/draft/events#> .
:4thDocumenta a :Exhibition ;
:partOf :Documenta ;
:startDate "1968-06-27"^^xs:date ;
:curator :ArnoldBode .
_:st1 a rdfs:Statement ;
rdf:subject :4thDocumenta ;
rdf:predicate :startDate ;
rdf:object "1968-06-27"^^xs:date ;
:source :DocumentaCatalog1968 .
:DocumentaCatalog1968 a :Source .
```
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="fade" data-transition-speed="slow" -->
```mermaid
flowchart BT
4thDocumenta--direct-->curator1
4thDocumenta--direct-->startDate1
subgraph two[ ]
curator1{curator} -->ArnoldBode[Arnold Bode]
end
subgraph one[ ]
startDate1{startDate} -->date(1968-06-27^^xs:date)
end
4thDocumenta--indirect-->Statement1
4thDocumenta--indirect-->Statement2
Statement1--predicat-->curator1
Statement1-- object-->ArnoldBode
Statement2--source-->catalog1[documenta catalog 1968]
Statement1--source-->catalog1[documenta catalog 1968]
Statement2--predicat-->startDate1
Statement2-- object-->date
catalog1--type-->Source
```
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="fade" data-transition-speed="slow" -->
```mermaid
flowchart TD
Statement2--subject-->4thDocumenta
4thDocumenta-->startDate1
4thDocumenta-->curator1
Statement2--predicat-->startDate1
Statement2-- object-->date
Statement1--subject-->4thDocumenta
Statement1--predicat-->curator1
Statement1-- object-->ArnoldBode
subgraph one[ ]
startDate1{startDate} -->date(1968-06-27^^xs:date)
end
subgraph two[ ]
curator1{curator} -->ArnoldBode[Arnold Bode]
end
```
---
<table class='rdf_cake'>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' ><div>
Apps & Services & APIs
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='4' class='trust'><div>Trust</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='proof'><div>
Proof
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan='5' colspan='1' class='transmission' >
<div>
Transmission <br/>Security, Crypto
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='logic' ><div>
Logik
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='rules' ><div>
Regeln
</div></td>
<td rowspan='2' colspan='2' class='current vocab'><div>Vokabularien<br/>Ontologien</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='query' ><div>
Abfrage
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='5' class='abstract' ><div>
Grundlagen<br/><span class='sub'>Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='7' class='spi'><div>
Resource Identifiers</br><span class='sub '>URIs, IRIs, Namenräume</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='serialization'>
<div>
Serialisierungen<br/><span class='sub'>NQuads, NTriples, Turtle, RDF-XML, OWL-XML, Manchester</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='semantic_web'>
<div>
Semantic web of linked data
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
----
## [LOV](https://lov.linkeddata.es/dataset/lov)
<!-- .slide: data-background="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bastiion/it-forum-2022-semantic-data/main/assets/LOD-catalog.png" data-background-size="contain" -->
----
### Basis
[rdf](http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#), [rdfs](http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#), [(xsd)](http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema)
### Domainspezifisch
schema.org, [dcterms](http://purl.org/dc/terms/), [dce](http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/), [foaf](http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/), [GND](http://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#), [SKOS](http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core)
### Logic
[OWL](http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl), [SWRL](http://www.w3.org/2003/11/swrl)
### Constraints
[SHACL](http://www.w3.org/ns/shacl#), [SHeX](https://shex.io/shex-primer/)
----
### weitere Korpora
[dbpedia](https://www.dbpedia.org/resources/ontology/)
[Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page)
[Eurpeana](https://pro.europeana.eu/page/sparql#examples)
---
<table class='rdf_cake'>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' ><div>
Apps & Services & APIs
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='4' class='trust'><div>Trust</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='proof'><div>
Proof
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan='5' colspan='1' class='transmission' >
<div>
Transmission <br/>Security, Crypto
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='logic' ><div>
Logik
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='rules' ><div>
Regeln
</div></td>
<td rowspan='2' colspan='2' class='vocab'><div>Vokabularien<br/>Ontologien</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='current query' ><div>
Abfrage
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='5' class='abstract' ><div>
Grundlagen<br/><span class='sub'>Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='7' class='spi'><div>
Resource Identifiers</br><span class='sub '>URIs, IRIs, Namenräume</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='serialization'>
<div>
Serialisierungen<br/><span class='sub'>NQuads, NTriples, Turtle, RDF-XML, OWL-XML, Manchester</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='semantic_web'>
<div>
Semantic web of linked data
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
----
## SPARQL Queries
### Abfrage
- ASK - wahr oder falsch?
- SELECT - tabellarische Ausgabe
- CONSTRUCT - neuer Graph/ Subgraph
### Schreiben
- [SPARQL Update](https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/)
----
## SPARQL
[DBPedia - Alle Oberklassen der Documenta
](https://dbpedia.org/sparql/?default-graph-uri=http%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org&query=PREFIX+rdf%3A++++%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2F02%2F22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%3E%0D%0APREFIX+rdfs%3A+++%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2F01%2Frdf-schema%23%3E%0D%0APREFIX+dbo%3A+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org%2Fontology%2F%3E+%0D%0APREFIX+dbp%3A+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org%2Fproperty%2F%3E%0D%0APREFIX+dbr%3A+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org%2Fresource%2F%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%0D%0ASELECT+DISTINCT+%3Fclass+%3FclassLabel+WHERE+%7B%0D%0A++dbr%3ADocumenta+rdf%3Atype%2Frdfs%3AsubClassOf*+%3Fclass.+%0D%0A++%3Fclass+rdfs%3Alabel+%3FclassLabel%0D%0A++FILTER%28LANG%28%3FclassLabel%29%3D%22de%22%29%0D%0A%7D+%0D%0ALIMIT+100&format=text%2Fx-html%2Btr&timeout=10000&signal_void=on&signal_unconnected=on)
```SPARQL
SELECT DISTINCT ?class ?classLabel WHERE {
dbr:Documenta rdf:type/rdfs:subClassOf* ?class .
?class rdfs:label ?classLabel .
FILTER(LANG(?classLabel)="de")
} LIMIT 100
```
----
[Wikidata - Mögliche Eigenschaften aller Klassen und Oberklassen der Documenta](https://query.wikidata.org/#PREFIX%20schema%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fschema.org%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20rdf%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2F02%2F22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%3E%0APREFIX%20rdfs%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2F01%2Frdf-schema%23%3E%0APREFIX%20wd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20wdt%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2Fdirect%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20p%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2F%3E%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3FclassLabel%20%3Fprops%20%3FpropsLabel%20%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ231289%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20%3Fclass%20.%0A%09%20%3Fclass%20wdt%3AP1963%20%3Fprops%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fprops%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ19847637%20.%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22.%20%7D%20%0A%0A%7D%20ORDER%20BY%20%3FclassLabel%20%3FpropsLabel)
```SPARQL
SELECT DISTINCT ?classLabel ?props ?propsLabel
WHERE {
wd:Q231289 wdt:P31/wdt:P279* ?class .
?class wdt:P1963 ?props .
FILTER NOT EXISTS {
?props wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q19847637 .
}
SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". }
} ORDER BY ?classLabel ?propsLabel
```
----
## Hilfsmittel
----
[Künstler\*innen des Expressionismus](https://sparnatural.eu/demos/demo-dbpedia-v2/index.html?lang=en#)
```SPARQL
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?Date_3 ?Date_4 ?this ?this_label WHERE {
?this rdf:type dbo:Person.
?this dbo:movement <http://fr.dbpedia.org/resource/Impressionnisme>.
?this dbo:birthDate ?Date_3.
OPTIONAL { ?this dbo:deathDate ?Date_4. }
?this <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> ?this_label.
FILTER(LANG(?this_label) = "en")
}
LIMIT 1000
```
----
## föderierte (verteilte) Abfragen
<a href="https://sophox.org/#%23%20Find%20Commons%20category%20suggestions%20for%20a%20Commons%20file%20using%20subjects%20stored%20in%20Europeana%0A%23%201.)%20Bind%20identifier%20of%20the%20photo%20to%20variable%0A%23%202.)%20Read%20subjects%20in%20Finnish%20of%20photo%20defined%20by%20identifier%20from%20Europeana%0A%23%203.)%20Translate%20subjects%20to%20YSO%20ontology%20using%20Finto-service.%20%0A%23%204.)%20Translate%20YSO%20items%20to%20Wikidata%20items%20using%20Wikidata%20and%20read%20Commons%20categories%0A%0ASELECT%20*%20WITH%20%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20*%20WHERE%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%23%201.)%20Bind%20identifier%20of%20the%20photo%20to%20variable%0A%20%20%20%20%20BIND(%22HK19700502%3A254%22%20as%20%3Fidentifier)%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%23%202.)%20Read%20subjects%20in%20Finnish%20of%20photo%20defined%20by%20identifier%20from%20Europeana%0A%20%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fsparql.europeana.eu%2F%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Feuropeana%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2Fidentifier%3E%20%3Fidentifier%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Feuropeana%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2Fsubject%3E%20%3Fsubject%20.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25europeana%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25europeana%20.%20%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%203.)%20Translate%20subjects%20to%20YSO%20ontology%20using%20Finto-service.%20%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fapi.finto.fi%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fyso%20skos%3AprefLabel%20%3Fsubject%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20skos%3AinScheme%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.yso.fi%2Fonto%2Fyso%2F%3E%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%0A%20%20%23%204.)%20Translate%20YSO%20items%20to%20Wikidata%20items%20using%20Wikidata%20and%20read%20Commons%20categories%0A%20%20BIND(REPLACE(STR(%3Fyso)%2C%20%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yso.fi%2Fonto%2Fyso%2Fp%22%2C%20%22%22)%20as%20%3Fyso_number)%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fwikidata%20wdt%3AP2347%20%3Fyso_number%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fwikidata%20wdt%3AP373%20%3Fcommonscat%20%20%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D" target="_blank" >Beispiel verteilte Abfrage</a>
```SPARQL
SELECT * WITH {
SELECT * WHERE {
# 1.) ID eines Fotos an Variable koppeln
BIND("HK19700502:254" as ?identifier)
# 2.) Subjekte des Foto aus der Europeana ziehen
SERVICE <http://sparql.europeana.eu/> {
?europeana <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier> ?identifier .
?europeana <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject> ?subject .
}
}
} AS %europeana
WHERE {
INCLUDE %europeana .
# 3.) Übersetze Subject in die YSO Ontologie
SERVICE <http://api.finto.fi/sparql> {
?yso skos:prefLabel ?subject ;
skos:inScheme <http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/>
}
# 4.) YSO Elements in Wikidata suchen und Commons Kategorie suchen
BIND(REPLACE(STR(?yso), "http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p", "") as ?yso_number)
SERVICE <https://query.wikidata.org/sparql> {
?wikidata wdt:P2347 ?yso_number .
?wikidata wdt:P373 ?commonscat
}
}
```
----
## GraphQL
* besonders geeignet als API für Frontend Entwicklung
* [automatisch, teilautomatische](https://github.com/internet-of-production/UltraGraphQL) oder [manuelle](https://github.com/dbcls/grasp) Erstellung aus Ontologie
* Introspection erleicht das Abfragen
----
Showcase...
---
<table class='rdf_cake'>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' ><div>
Apps & Services & APIs
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='4' class='trust'><div>Trust</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='proof'><div>
Proof
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan='5' colspan='1' class='transmission' >
<div>
Transmission <br/>Security, Crypto
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='logic current' ><div>
Logik
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='rules' ><div>
Regeln
</div></td>
<td rowspan='2' colspan='2' class='vocab'><div>Vokabularien<br/>Ontologien</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='query' ><div>
Abfrage
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='5' class='abstract' ><div>
Grundlagen<br/><span class='sub'>Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='7' class='spi'><div>
Resource Identifiers</br><span class='sub '>URIs, IRIs, Namenräume</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='serialization'>
<div>
Serialisierungen<br/><span class='sub'>NQuads, NTriples, Turtle, RDF-XML, OWL-XML, Manchester</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='semantic_web'>
<div>
Semantic web of linked data
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
----
## Logik
* Prolog
* Web Ontology Language (OWL2)
* Semantic Web Rule Language ([SWRL](https://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/))
* SPARQL Inference Notation ([SPIN](https://spinrdf.org/))
----
* OWL2 (DL) basiert auf Beschreibungslogik SROIQ, sehr ausdrucksstrake Beschreibungssprache, Schlussfolgern rechenintensiv
* OWL2-EL basiert auf EL++, TBox (polynomielle Zeit für die meisten Inference Tasks wie Klassifikation).
* OWL2-QL basiert auf DL-Lite, richtet sich an schnelle Abfrageantwort mittels ABox (viele Daten aber simple TBox).
* OWL2-RL basiert auf Description Logic Programs (DLP), Untermenge von OWL2 DL.
----
## OWL
Ausdrucksstarke Beschreibunslogik
Eigene Serialisierungen wie
* Manchester Syntax
* Functional Syntax
* OWL/XML
* aus natürlicher Sprache (Attempto Controlled English)
----
<div class='small_table'>
| OWL | Deutsch | ACE |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| SubClassOf( SomeValuesFrom( a:curates a:Exhibition ) a:Curator ) | Jeder der eine Ausstellung kuratiert hat ist ein Kurator. | Everybody who curates an Exhibition is a Curator. |
| SubClassOf( SomeValuesFrom( a:hasAge DatatypeRestriction( xsd:integer minInclusive 13^^xsd:integer maxInclusive 19^^xsd:integer)) a:Teenager) | Teenager ist, wer älter/gleich 13 und jünger/gleich 19 ist. | |
| SubClassOf( SomeValuesFrom( a:hasChild a:Person ) a:Parent ) | Jeder, der ein Kind vom Typ Person hat ist ein Elternteil. | Everybody whose child is a child is a parent. |
| SymmetricProperty( a:friend ) | Die Eigenschaft "ist Freund von" ist symmetrisch | If X is a friend of Y then Y is a friend of X. |
| AsymmetricProperty( a:parentOf ) | Die Eigenschaft "ist Elternteil" ist asymmetrisch | |
| EquivalentClasses( a:ArtExhibition SomeValuesFrom( a:hasSubject a:Artwork ) ) | Kunstausstellung ist eine Austellung deren Subjekt Kunstwerke sind | |
| DisjointClasses( a:RegularEvent a:OneTimeEvent ) | Nichts ist gleicheitig ein Einzelereignis und ein wiederkehrendes Ereignis. | No OneTimeEvent is a RegularEvent. |
</div>
---
<table class='rdf_cake'>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' ><div>
Apps & Services & APIs
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='4' class='trust'><div>Trust</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='proof'><div>
Proof
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan='5' colspan='1' class='transmission' >
<div>
Transmission <br/>Security, Crypto
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='logic' ><div>
Logik
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='2' class='rules current' ><div>
Regeln
</div></td>
<td rowspan='2' colspan='2' class='vocab'><div>Vokabularien<br/>Ontologien</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='3' class='query' ><div>
Abfrage
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='5' class='abstract' ><div>
Grundlagen<br/><span class='sub'>Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='7' class='spi'><div>
Resource Identifiers</br><span class='sub '>URIs, IRIs, Namenräume</span>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='serialization'>
<div>
Serialisierungen<br/><span class='sub'>NQuads, NTriples, Turtle, RDF-XML, OWL-XML, Manchester</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan='1' colspan='8' class='semantic_web'>
<div>
Semantic web of linked data
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
----
## Regeln, Validierung
Open World vs Closed World
* Validierung
* UI Generierung
* Datenqualität wahren
----
----
[SHACL Shape Constraint Language](https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/)
[SHeX Shape Expression](https://shex.io/)
vergleichbar mit [JSON-Schema](http://json-schema.org/), RelaxNG, XSD,...
----
https://forms.hypermedia.app/playground/
https://shacl-playground.zazuko.com/
[SHeX Validator](https://rdfshape.weso.es/shexValidate)
---
## Mappings - ETL
```mermaid
graph LR
YARRRML-->R2RML
RDB-->R2RML-->RDF
RDB-->YARRRML
CSV-->RML-->RDF
XML-->SHexML-->RDF
JSON-->RML
XML-->RML
```
---
## [Semantic Web in Bibliotheken](https://swib.org/swib22/programme.html)
### Vorschläge
* Verwendung etablierter, teils Programmiersprachen- und Datenbank-unabhängiger und Schemabeschreibungssprachen
* RDF als inermediäres Austauschformat
* in ETL Pipelines
* für Export und Backup
* SPARQL Endpunkte bereitstellen
* GraphQL Schnittstellen bereistellen
* interner öffentlicher Katalog an Vokabularien
* versionierte Datenmodelle
* [FAIR](https://forschungsdaten.info/themen/veroeffentlichen-und-archivieren/faire-daten/) Policy mit 5-star LOD kombinieren
----
### Vorschläge Frontend
* Komponntenbasierte semantische Frontendentwicklung
* deklarative Formulare
* deklarative Tabellen
* Entkopplung von Backend und Frontend
* UI Komponenten Kataloge (siehe Storyboards)
* React, Vue, Web Components
* Beschreibung per RDF und Typescript Generierung
----
### erhoffte Vorteile
* bessere Langzeitarchivierung, Nachhaltigkeit
* RDF Daten können als dump regelmäßig gesichert werden
* Graphen können beliebig in einzelne Entitäten aufgteilt und serialisiert werden
* besseres Verständnis der Modelle und Datenstrukturen (explorativ)
* Verknüpfbarkeit mit anderen Daten
* Wahrung und Messung von Datenqualität und Wahrheitsgehalt
* aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse einfließen lassen
* Interbibliothekarischen Austausch erleichtern
---
## Live Demos
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231289
[https://query.wikidata.org/](https://query.wikidata.org/#PREFIX%20schema%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fschema.org%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20rdf%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2F02%2F22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%3E%0APREFIX%20rdfs%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2F01%2Frdf-schema%23%3E%0APREFIX%20wd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20wdt%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2Fdirect%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20p%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2F%3E%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3FclassLabel%20%3Fprops%20%3FpropsLabel%20%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ231289%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20%3Fclass%20.%0A%09%20%3Fclass%20wdt%3AP1963%20%3Fprops%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fprops%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ19847637%20.%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22.%20%7D%20%0A%0A%7D%20ORDER%20BY%20%3FclassLabel%20%3FpropsLabel)
https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/
Graph Explorer, UltraGraphQL, ...
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## Fragen, Anregungen, Diskussion
DANKE für die Aufmerksamkeit
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